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Matters in our surroundings ( ch-1 ) notes what is matter: Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space.Example: Air, water, stone, etc.  Characteristics of Particles of Matter Particles of matter are very small.…

🔹 1. Introduction Pastoralists are communities who rear livestock for their livelihood. They move from one place to another in search of pasture and water. Found in arid, semi-arid, and…

🔹 1. Introduction Forest societies consisted of communities living in forests for livelihood. They hunted, gathered, and practiced shifting cultivation. Colonial powers imposed control over forests in the 18th–19th century.…

🔹 1. Introduction Nazism was a political ideology in Germany led by Adolf Hitler. It emerged after World War I, during economic crisis and political instability. Promoted extreme nationalism, racism,…

🔹 1. Introduction Socialism emerged in Europe as a response to workers’ exploitation during the Industrial Revolution. Socialists wanted equality, fair wages, and social welfare. In Russia, economic hardship, political…

 Easy Notes (Short Summary + Key Points)  1. Introduction The French Revolution began in 1789. It ended the absolute monarchy and brought ideas of liberty, equality, and fraternity. Summary in 60–70 Words: The…

 Detailed & Easy Notes  1. Work Work is said to be done when a force is applied and the object moves in the direction of the force. Work = Force × Displacement…

Easy and Detailed Notes  1. Health and Disease Health = State of physical, mental & social well-being. Disease = Any disturbance in normal functioning of body. Disease ≠ Only feeling unwell. It…

Easy and Detailed Notes 1. Sound and Its Production Sound is produced by vibrating objects. Vibrations → produce sound → travels in medium. 2. Medium for Sound Sound needs a medium (solid, liquid,…

 Easy & Detailed Notes 1. What Are Natural Resources? All materials available in nature used by humans are natural resources.Examples: Air, Water, Soil, Forests, Wildlife, Minerals, etc. 2. Types of Natural…